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* ''Testudo californiana'' Quoy & Gaimard, 1824a〔 (''nomen oblitum'') * ''Testudo nigra'' Quoy & Gaimard, 1824b〔 (''nomen novum'') * ''Testudo elephantopus'' Harlan, 1827〔 (''nomen dubium'') * ''Testudo nigrita'' Duméril and Bibron, 1834〔 (''nomen dubium'') * ''Testudo planiceps'' Gray, 1853 (''nomen dubium'') * ''Testudo clivosa'' Garman, 1917〔 (''nomen dubium'') * ''Testudo typica'' Garman, 1917〔 (''nomen dubium'') * ''Testudo (Chelonoidis) elephantopus'' Williams, 1952 * ''Geochelone (Chelonoidis) elephantopus'' Pritchard, 1967 * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus'' Bour, 1980 ''C. n. nigra'' (nominate subspecies) * ''Testudo californiana'' Quoy & Gaimard, 1824a〔 (''nomen oblitum'') * ''Testudo nigra'' Quoy & Gaimard, 1824b〔 (''nomen novum'') * ''Testudo galapagoensis'' Baur 1889〔 ''C. n. abingdoni'' * ''Testudo ephippium'' Günther, 1875〔 (partim, misidentified type specimen once erroneously attributed to what is now ''C. n. duncanensis'') * ''Testudo abingdoni'' Günther, 1877〔 ''C. n. becki'' * ''Testudo becki'' Rothschild, 1901〔 ''C. n. chathamensis'' * ''Testudo wallacei'' Rothschild 1902〔 (''partim'', ''nomen dubium'') * ''Testudo chathamensis'' Van Denburgh, 1907〔 ''C. n. darwini'' * ''Testudo wallacei'' Rothschild 1902〔 (''partim'', ''nomen dubium'') * ''Testudo darwini'' Van Denburgh, 1907〔 ''C. n. duncanensis'' * ''Testudo ephippium'' Günther, 1875〔 (''partim'', misidentified type) * ''Geochelone nigra duncanensis'' Garman, 1917〔 in Pritchard, 1996〔(''nomen nudum'') ''C. n. hoodensis'' * ''Testudo hoodensis'' Van Denburgh, 1907〔 ''C. n. phantastica'' * ''Testudo phantasticus'' Van Denburgh, 1907〔 ''C. n. porteri'' * ''Testudo nigrita'' Duméril and Bibron, 1834〔 (''nomen dubium'') * ''Testudo porteri'' Rothschild, 1903〔 ''C. n. vicina'' * ''Testudo microphyes'' Günther, 1875 * ''Testudo vicina'' Günther, 1875〔 * ''Testudo güntheri'' Baur, 1889 * ''Testudo macrophyes'' Garman, 1917〔 * ''Testudo vandenburghi'' De Sola, R. 1930 (''nomen nudum'') ; Chelonoidis nigra nigra * ''Testudo nigra'' Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 * ''Testudo californiana'' Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 * ''Testudo galapagoensis'' Baur, 1889 * ''Testudo elephantopus galapagoensis'' Mertens & Wermuth, 1955 * ''Geochelone elephantopus galapagoensis'' Pritchard, 1967 * ''Chelonoidis galapagoensis'' Bour, 1980 * ''Chelonoidis nigra'' Bour, 1985 * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus galapagoensis'' Obst, 1985 * ''Geochelone nigra'' Pritchard, 1986 * ''Geochelone nigra nigra'' Stubbs, 1989 * ''Chelonoidis nigra galapagoensis'' David, 1994 * ''Chelonoidis nigra nigra'' David, 1994 * ''Geochelone elephantopus nigra'' Bonin, Devaux & Dupré, 1996 * ''Testudo california'' Paull, 1998 ''(ex errore)'' * ''Testudo californianana'' Paull, 1999 ''(ex errore)'' ; Chelonoidis nigra abingdonii * ''Testudo ephippium'' Günther, 1875 * ''Testudo abingdonii'' Günther, 1877 * ''Testudo abingdoni'' Van Denburgh, 1914 ''(ex errore)'' * ''Testudo elephantopus abingdonii'' Mertens & Wermuth, 1955 * ''Testudo elephantopus ephippium'' Mertens & Wermuth, 1955 * ''Geochelone abingdonii'' Pritchard, 1967 * ''Geochelone elephantopus abingdoni'' Pritchard, 1967 * ''Geochelone elephantopus ephippium'' Pritchard, 1967 * ''Geochelone ephippium'' Pritchard, 1967 * ''Chelonoidis abingdonii'' Bour, 1980 * ''Chelonoidis ephippium'' Bour, 1980 * ''Geochelone elephantopus abingdonii'' Groombridge, 1982 * ''Geochelone abingdoni'' Fritts, 1983 * ''Geochelone epphipium'' Fritts, 1983 ''(ex errore)'' * ''Chelonoidis nigra ephippium'' Pritchard, 1984 * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus abingdoni'' Obst, 1985 * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus ephippium'' Obst, 1985 * ''Geochelone nigra abingdoni'' Stubbs, 1989 * ''Chelonoidis nigra abingdonii'' David, 1994 * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus abingdonii'' Rogner, 1996 * ''Chelonoidis nigra abingdonii'' Bonin, Devaux & Dupré, 1996 * ''Chelonoidis nigra abdingdonii'' Obst, 1996 ''(ex errore)'' * ''Geochelone abdingdonii'' Obst, 1996 * ''Geochelone nigra abdingdoni'' Obst, 1996 ''(ex errore)'' * ''Geochelone nigra ephyppium'' Caccone, Gibbs, Ketmaier, Suatoni & Powell, 1999 ''(ex errore)'' * ''Chelonoidis nigra ahingdonii'' Artner, 2003 ''(ex errore)'' * ''Chelonoidis abingdoni'' Joseph-Ouni, 2004 ; Chelonoidis nigra becki * ''Testudo becki'' Rothschild, 1901 * ''Testudo bedsi'' Heller, 1903 ''(ex errore)'' * ''Geochelone becki'' Pritchard, 1967 * ''Geochelone elephantopus becki'' Pritchard, 1967 * ''Chelonoidis becki'' Bour, 1980 * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus becki'' Obst, 1985 * ''Chelonoidis nigra beckii'' David, 1994 ''(ex errore)'' * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus beckii'' Rogner, 1996 * ''Chelonoidis nigra becki'' Obst, 1996 ; Chelonoidis nigra chathamensis * ''Testudo wallacei'' Rothschild, 1902 * ''Testudo chathamensis'' Van Denburgh, 1907 * ''Testudo elephantopus chathamensis'' Mertens & Wermuth, 1955 * ''Testudo elephantopus wallacei'' Mertens & Wermuth, 1955 * ''Testudo chatamensis'' Slevin & Leviton, 1956 ''(ex errore)'' * ''Geochelone chathamensis'' Pritchard, 1967 * ''Geochelone elephantopus chathamensis'' Pritchard, 1967 * ''Geochelone elephantopus wallacei'' Pritchard, 1967 * ''Geochelone wallacei'' Pritchard, 1967 * ''Chelonoidis chathamensis'' Bour, 1980 * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus chathamensis'' Obst, 1985 * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus wallacei'' Obst, 1985 * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus chatamensis'' Gosławski & Hryniewicz, 1993 * ''Chelonoidis nigra chathamensis'' David, 1994 * ''Chelonoidis nigra wallacei'' Bonin, Devaux & Dupré, 1996 * ''Geochelone cathamensis'' Obst, 1996 ''(ex errore)'' * ''Geochelone elephantopus chatamensis'' Paull, 1996 * ''Testudo chathamensis chathamensis'' Pritchard, 1998 * ''Cherlonoidis nigra wallacei'' Wilms, 1999 * ''Geochelone nigra chatamensis'' Caccone, Gibbs, Ketmaier, Suatoni & Powell, 1999 * ''Geochelone nigra wallacei'' Chambers, 2004 Chelonoidis nigra darwini * ''Testudo wallacei'' Rothschild, 1902 * ''Testudo darwini'' Van Denburgh, 1907 * ''Testudo elephantopus darwini'' Mertens & Wermuth, 1955 * ''Testudo elephantopus wallacei'' Mertens & Wermuth, 1955 * ''Geochelone darwini'' Pritchard, 1967 * ''Geochelone elephantopus darwini'' Pritchard, 1967 * ''Geochelone elephantopus wallacei'' Pritchard, 1967 * ''Geochelone wallacei'' Pritchard, 1967 * ''Chelonoidis darwini'' Bour, 1980 * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus darwini'' Obst, 1985 * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus wallacei'' Obst, 1985 * ''Chelonoidis nigra darwinii'' David, 1994 ''(ex errore)'' * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus darwinii'' Rogner, 1996 * ''Chelonoidis nigra darwini'' Bonin, Devaux & Dupré, 1996 * ''Chelonoidis nigra wallacei'' Bonin, Devaux & Dupré, 1996 * ''Cherlonoidis nigra wallacei'' Wilms, 1999 * ''Geochelone nigra darwinii'' Ferri, 2002 * ''Geochelone nigra wallacei'' Chambers, 2004 ; Chelonoidis nigra duncanensis * ''Testudo duncanensis'' Garman, 1917 ''(nomen nudum)'' * ''Geochelone nigra duncanensis'' Stubbs, 1989 * ''Geochelone nigra duncanensis'' Garman, 1996 * ''Chelonoidis nigra duncanensis'' Artner, 2003 * ''Chelonoidis duncanensis'' Joseph-Ouni, 2004 ; Chelonoidis nigra hoodensis * ''Testudo hoodensis'' Van Denburgh, 1907 * ''Testudo elephantopus hoodensis'' Mertens & Wermuth, 1955 * ''Geochelone elephantopus hoodensis'' Pritchard, 1967 * ''Geochelone hoodensis'' Pritchard, 1967 * ''Chelonoidis hoodensis'' Bour, 1980 * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus hoodensis'' Obst, 1985 * ''Chelonoidis nigra hoodensis'' David, 1994 ; Chelonoidis nigra phantastica * ''Testudo phantasticus'' Van Denburgh, 1907 * ''Testudo phantastica'' Siebenrock, 1909 * ''Testudo elephantopus phantastica'' Mertens & Wermuth, 1955 * ''Geochelone elephantopus phantastica'' Pritchard, 1967 * ''Geochelone phantastica'' Pritchard, 1967 * ''Chelonoidis phantastica'' Bour, 1980 * ''Geochelone phantasticus'' Crumly, 1984 * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus phantastica'' Obst, 1985 * ''Chelonoidis nigra phantastica'' David, 1994 ; Chelonoidis nigra porteri * ''Testudo nigrita'' Duméril & Bibron, 1835 * ''Testudo porteri'' Rothschild, 1903 * ''Testudo elephantopus nigrita'' Mertens & Wermuth, 1955 * ''Geochelone elephantopus porteri'' Pritchard, 1967 * ''Geochelone nigrita'' Pritchard, 1967 * ''Chelonoidis nigrita'' Bour, 1980 * ''Geochelone elephantopus nigrita'' Honegger, 1980 * ''Geochelone porteri'' Fritts, 1983 * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus nigrita'' Obst, 1985 * ''Geochelone nigra porteri'' Stubbs, 1989 * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus porteri'' Gosławski & Hryniewicz, 1993 * ''Chelonoidis nigra nigrita'' David, 1994 * ''Geochelone nigra perteri'' Müller & Schmidt, 1995 ''(ex errore)'' * ''Chelonoidis nigra porteri'' Bonin, Devaux & Dupré, 1996 ; Chelonoidis nigra vicina * ''Testudo elephantopus'' Harlan, 1827 * ''Testudo microphyes'' Günther, 1875 * ''Testudo vicina'' Günther, 1875 * ''Testudo macrophyes'' Garman, 1917 * ''Testudo vandenburghi de'' Sola, 1930 * ''Testudo elephantopus elephantopus'' Mertens & Wermuth, 1955 * ''Geochelone elephantopus'' Williams, 1960 * ''Geochelone elephantopus elephantopus'' Pritchard, 1967 * ''Geochelone elephantopus guentheri'' Pritchard, 1967 * ''Geochelone elephantopus guntheri'' Pritchard, 1967 ''(ex errore)'' * ''Geochelone elephantopus microphyes'' Pritchard, 1967 * ''Geochelone elephantopus vandenburgi'' Pritchard, 1967 ''(ex errore)'' * ''Geochelone guntheri'' Pritchard, 1967 * ''Geochelone microphyes'' Pritchard, 1967 * ''Geochelone vandenburghi'' Pritchard, 1967 * ''Geochelone vicina'' Pritchard, 1967 * ''Geochelone elephantopus microphys'' Arnold, 1979 ''(ex errore)'' * ''Geochelone elephantopus vandenburghi'' Pritchard, 1979 * ''Chelonoides elephantopus'' Obst, 1980 * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus'' Bour, 1980 * ''Chelonoidis guentheri'' Bour, 1980 * ''Chelonoidis microphyes'' Bour, 1980 * ''Chelonoidis vandenburghi'' Bour, 1980 * ''Geochelone guentheri'' Fritts, 1983 * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus elephantopus'' Obst, 1985 * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus guentheri'' Obst, 1985 * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus microphyes'' Obst, 1985 * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus vandenburghi'' Obst, 1985 * ''Geochelone elephantopus vicina'' Swingland, 1989 * ''Geochelone elephantopus vicini'' Swingland, 1989 ''(ex errore)'' * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus guntheri'' Gosławski & Hryniewicz, 1993 * ''Chelonoidis nigra guentheri'' David, 1994 * ''Chelonoidis nigra microphyes'' David, 1994 * ''Chelonoidis nigra vandenburghi'' David, 1994 * ''Geochelone nigra elephantopus'' Müller & Schmidt, 1995 * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus vicina'' Rogner, 1996 * ''Geochelone elephantopus vandenburghii'' Obst, 1996 ''(ex errore)'' * ''Geochelone vandenburghii'' Obst, 1996 * ''Chelonoidis nigra microphyies'' Bonin, Devaux & Dupré, 1996 ''(ex errore)'' * ''Geochelone elephantopus microphytes'' Paull, 1996 ''(ex errore)'' * ''Geochelone elephantopus vandenbergi'' Paull, 1996 ''(ex errore)'' * ''Testudo elephantopus guntheri'' Paull, 1999 * ''Chelonoidis nigra vicina'' Artner, 2003 * ''Chelonoidis vicina'' Joseph-Ouni, 2004 * ''Geochelone nigra guentheri'' Chambers, 2004 | synonyms_ref= }} The Galápagos tortoise or Galápagos giant tortoise (''Chelonoidis nigra'') is the largest living species of tortoise. Modern Galápagos tortoises can weigh up to .〔2002: Largest Tortoise. Official Guinness World Records. http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/60at60/2015/8/2002-largest-tortoise-392870 Last accessed: 27/Nov/2015〕 Today, giant tortoises exist only on two remote archipelagos: the Galápagos 1000 km due west of Ecuador, and Aldabra in the Indian Ocean, 700 km east of Tanzania. The tortoise is native to seven of the Galápagos Islands, a volcanic archipelago about west of the Ecuadorian mainland. With lifespans in the wild of over 100 years, it is one of the longest-lived vertebrates. A captive individual lived at least 170 years. Galapagos tortoises exhibit migratory patterns similar to large, herbivorous mammals, in which vegetation shifts drive seasonal movements. 〔“Blake, Stephen, Charles B. Yackulic, Fredy Cabrera, Washington Tapia, James P. Gibbs, Franz Kümmeth, and Martin Wikelski. "Vegetation Dynamics Drive Segregation by Body Size in Galapagos Tortoises Migrating across Altitudinal Gradients." Ed. John Fryxell. Journal of Animal Ecology 82.2 (2013): 310-21. Web.”〕 Spanish explorers, who discovered the islands in the 16th century, named them after the Spanish ''galápago'', meaning tortoise. Tortoises also live very uncomplicated lives, and can nap up to 16 hours a day.〔 Shell size and shape vary between populations. On islands with humid highlands, the tortoises are larger, with domed shells and short necks; on islands with dry lowlands, the tortoises are smaller, with "saddleback" shells and long necks. Charles Darwin's observations of these differences on the second voyage of the ''Beagle'' in 1835, contributed to the development of his theory of evolution. Tortoise numbers declined from over 250,000 in the 16th century to a low of around 3,000 in the 1970s. This decline was caused by overexploitation of the species for meat and oil, habitat clearance for agriculture, and introduction of non-native animals to the islands, such as rats, goats, and pigs. The extinction of most giant tortoise lineages is thought to have also been caused by predation by humans or human ancestors. Tortoise populations on at least three islands have become extinct in historical time due to human activities. Specimens of these extinct taxa exist in several museums and also are being subjected to DNA analysis. Ten subspecies of the original 15 survive in the wild; an 11th subspecies (''C. n. abingdonii'') had only a single known living individual, kept in captivity and nicknamed Lonesome George until his death in June 2012. Conservation efforts, beginning in the 20th century, have resulted in thousands of captive-bred juveniles being released onto their ancestral home islands, and the total number of the species is estimated to have exceeded 19,000 at the start of the 21st century. Despite this rebound, the species as a whole is classified as "vulnerable" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. ==Taxonomy== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Galápagos tortoise」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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